Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As with most other ancient cultures warfare for the Carthaginians was, like any other state activity, inseparable from religious beliefs. Some 20,000 Carthaginians died in the battle, and perhaps 20,000 were captured, while the Romans lost about 1,500 dead. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. She represented a mother goddess, life, and fertility. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. Who was the leader of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war and what did he do? More certain is that the Carthaginian religion continued, beyond the Roman destruction of the city, to be practised, sometimes under different names, perhaps more clandestinely than previously, but very often at the same temple sites as before. In addition, the Carthaginians were not averse to equipping themselves with the arms and armour of their fallen enemies. Not just trading middle-men, the Carthaginians produced their own manufactured goods and so the city had a large number of pottery, glass, and metal workshops (producing weapons, jewellery, and everyday items), dyers, carpenters, and construction workers. Then there were the artists who produced goldwork, sculptures, and fine glassware. what problems might arise between Carthage and rome? why were both Carthage and Rome wanting to control the mediterranean? Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Carthage was an accomplished practitioner of warfare for centuries acquiring new territories & resources, & safeguarding ITs vast trade network. The inherent weaknesses in the Carthaginian army - disparate groups of sometimes disloyal mercenaries, confused command structures, and an over-reliance on heavy infantry and war elephants - meant that Carthage was, ultimately, unable to maintain its position as a Mediterranean superpower and keep pace with mighty Rome. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. The Western Mediterranean 264 BCEJon Platek (CC BY-SA). Aubet also notes that the cemeteries of Punic cities do not contain the remains of young children, suggesting that all children, no matter the cause of death, were buried within the tophet. what was the punishment for treason in Rome? Definition. The survivors were sold into slavery, the city was razed, and the territory was made a Roman province under the name of Africa. The Greek historian Polybius states that Hannibal had done all that he could as a general in battle, especially considering the advantage held by his opponent. Carthage's military also allowed it to expand into Sardinia and . Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region,. The victims were killed by fire, although it is not clear precisely how. Carthage was founded by the Phoenician city of Tyre in the 9th century BCE, and along with many other cultural practices, the city adopted aspects of the religion of its founding fathers. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. License. Tribes that used to roam from province to province were a threat to the continued existence of Rome. There were female priests, but once again, the details of initiation and duties of the priestly class remain unknown. His victories at the Ticinus (Ticino) River near Pavia and the Trebia River in December 218 BCE, Lake Trasimene in June 217 BCE, and at Cannae in Apulia in August 216 BCE rocked the Roman world. ), and even human sacrifice (molk). We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Religion/. Artillery was a component of Carthaginian armies in Sicily where the cities were well-fortified. Carthaginian Warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in the Punic Wars, but for six centuries before that Carthage was remarkably successful in conquering lucrative territories in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily. which regions of the Mediterranean did Carthage control? These conventions further confirm that Carthage, as with most other ancient societies, was a male-dominated society in every respect. That Hannibal was fighting from a position of weakness does not in any way diminish Scipios victory for Rome, however. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Such were the requirements of Carthage's large navy that ships were constructed using mass-produced pieces marked with numbers for ease of assembly. Before the battle, Hannibal and Scipio met personally, possibly because Hannibal, perceiving that battle conditions did not favour him, hoped to negotiate a generous settlement. World History Encyclopedia, 13 Jul 2016. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Carthage Who was Hannibal and what did he do? Cartwright, Mark. Books Updates? are there any other examples to support his claim? Such a large geographical spread of interests required a naval fleet to safeguard both the ships which plied their trade across the seas and the ports which gave them protection and access to lucrative hinterlands. One of the goddess' priestesses is depicted on a stunning marble sarcophagus lid from the St. Monique tomb. One of the most important Punic deities that were not worshipped in Phoenicia was Tanit (Tnt), although she may have been considered an attendant of Astarte there. To bolster his divine claims Hannibal once recounted a dream he had had where Melqart specifically instructed him to invade Italy and even gave him a guide to get there in the most efficient way. Some revisions are not of actual mistakes, but will improve the clarity of the writing. Last modified July 13, 2016. The most important Carthaginian deity was Melqart, patron and protector of the city of Tyre and perhaps given a similar role in early Carthage. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. We want people all over the world to learn about history. World History Encyclopedia. Help us and translate this definition into another language! At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. It was one of the greatest military feats in history. The only reason they won this was because a storm sank a Carthaginian vessel, which the Romans copied. Polybius and Livy claim 20,000 Carthaginian killed and an equal number of prisoners; of the Romans, 1500 died at Zama. Light infantry was stationed on the wings and protected the flanks of the phalanx which might draw in the enemy lines. Hannibal returned to Africa with his 12,000-man veteran army and soon gathered a total of 37,000 troops with which to defend the approaches to Carthage. To avoid complete humiliation Carthage had no resource but to humiliate its adversary. That caused the elephants to run unimpeded through the lines with little, if any, engagement. Please support World History Encyclopedia. In 251 or 250 the Roman general Lucius Caecilius Metellus at last brought about a pitched battle near Panormus in which the enemys force was effectively crippled. Phoenician/Punic Necklace with AmuletsCarole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA). While Pyrrhus was still fighting battles in Sicily and facing heavy losses, he received information from Tarentum that it was difficult to defend the city on their own and that they needed assistance. Analysis of the remains found within the urns at Carthage reveals that, overall, 80% of the human remains are from newborn babies or foetuses. The Phoenician Religion, as in many other ancient cultures, was Utica (also Utique), 33km north of Tunis, was the first Phoenician Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Warfare/. Once his allies had arrived, Scipio had about the same number of troops as Hannibal (around 40,000 men), but his 6,100 cavalrymen, led by the Numidian ruler Masinissa and the Roman general Gaius Laelius, were superior to the Carthaginian cavalry in both training and quantity. Positioning a fleet with one flank protected by a shoreline could also help counter a periplous manoeuvre, especially from a more numerous enemy. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Priests may have controlled education, of which we know very little, and also the libraries we know existed at the time of Carthage's destruction in 146 BCE. Carthaginian War ElephantThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). At its largest extent, it covered 6,000 square meters and has nine descending levels. He sought to compensate for the loss of Sicily by acquiring a dominion in Spain where Carthage might gain new wealth and form a fresh base of operations against Rome. What advantages did the Carthaginians have? Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/908/carthaginian-society/. Related Content As the two armies approached each other, the Carthaginians unloosed their 80 elephants into the ranks of the Roman infantry, but the great beasts were soon dispersed and their threat neutralized. These had two large columns, one either side of the entrance which led to three chambers within which was not a representation of the god but a large bronze bowl with an eternal flame. In some sense this is the trouble with . Cartwright, Mark. Battle of Zama, (202 bce), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In 147, however, the command was given to Scipio Aemilianus, the adopted grandson of the former conqueror of Carthage. By the year 203 Carthage was in great danger of attack from the forces of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had invaded Africa and had won an important battle barely 20 miles (32 km) west of Carthage itself. It must also be mentioned, though, that the Carthaginians had a healthy respect for genealogy and political leaders were often recorded with not only their own names but also those of several previous generations. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. - Elephants. Inscriptions on Punic stelae describe many temples to many different deities at Carthage, but unfortunately, very little remains of them exist in the archaeological record due to the destruction of the city by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BCE. The First Punic War began in 264 B.C. Their loyalty, rather, was expected and received in times of dire stress during the Second Punic War and the siege of Carthage in the Third Punic War when slaves were granted their freedom in return for military service. A gross breach of the treaty was perpetrated when a Roman force was sent to occupy Sardinia, whose insurgent garrison had offered to surrender the island (238). World History Encyclopedia. This was primarily achieved by a cult of personality. going roof to roof, collecting their power as they take over house by house until they are left with all power in that specific location. crossing the alps with 40,000men and 37 elephants, almost all died. Punic Stele with Goddess TanitCarole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA). Hannibal was a military leader from Carthage. Despite the importance of such goddesses as Tanit/Astarte in the Carthaginian religion and the myth of the city's founding by Queen Dido (Elissa), women were not granted citizenship and so could not participate in the political life of the city. Even in Phoenician/Punic mythology, where the god El sacrifices his son Ieud, it is to save his country from collapse. The urns themselves were often recycled pots and jars from as far afield as Corinth and Egypt and so provide an interesting and valuable record of Mediterranean trade. At that crucial juncture, Masinissas Numidian cavalry returned from their rout of the enemy cavalry and attacked the rear of the Carthaginian infantry, who were soon crushed between the combined Roman infantry and the cavalry assault.
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