A variety of screening tools and algorithms are commonly used (Cole et al. As discussed later in this section, recommendations can also establish a foundation for monitoring, and the results of the monitoring may indicate that the management strategies need to be adapted to respond to the observed outcomesa process known as adaptive management (Johnson 1999). Example of a Table Used for Systematic Scoping. For example, the chair of the California Assembly Labor Committee referred to the HIA and asked the opposition to the bill if they condoned the spread of disease through restaurant workers.. Human Impact Partners; 2010. National Library of Medicine 2019 Feb;22(1):25-31. doi: 10.1089/pop.2018.0049. Because HIA in the United States is often undertaken outside a formal legal mandate, it has not consistently included alternatives assessment. Identifies limitations and uncertainties clearly. A description of the proposed policy, program, plan, or project that will be the focus of the HIA, including the timeline for the decision and intervention points at which HIA information will be used. The first step in the framework is typically a determinant of health, such as air pollution, traffic, employment, or noise. Screening: HIA of a Residential Housing Program, Example of a logic framework that maps out the possible causal pathways by which health effects might occur, Example of a Table Used for Systematic Scoping, Example of a Matrix for Analyzing Health Effects, Example of a Table for Rating Importance of Health Effects, Assessment: Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Examples of Health and Behavioral Effects That Have Been Addressed Quantitatively in HIA, Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997). Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The choice of what to evaluate will reflect the specific social, political, and policy context of the decision; the needs, interests, and questions of stakeholders and decision-makers; and the health status of the affected population. Propose appropriate indicators for monitoring. For example, rather than providing an estimate of lung-cancer rates in a small community, an HIA might identify smoking rates and important sources of airborne pollutants in the communitys airshed. Membership is variable but may include representatives of affected communities or community-based organizations, industrial proponents or business groups, public-health experts, officials involved in the decision- making process, and others who have a stake in the outcome. HIA recommendations take various forms, and some examples are provided below. Health impact assessment. 2009). Community health assessment and community health improvement planning are continuous, systematic processes for assessing and addressing health needs in a community. Bhatia R, Seto E. Quantitative estimation in Health Impact Assessment: Opportunities and challenges. The ideal community health status assessment consists of three components: a household survey, community discussion groups, and an examination of existing data (secondary data) from a variety of other . In practice, the categories are rarely used consistently, and a single HIA often encompasses a blend of various approaches to stakeholder engagement and participation, analytic methods, and interactions with the formal decision-making process. The committee does not intend that the definition and criteria proposed in this chapter be considered rigid requirements but rather that they reflect an ideal of practice, deviation from which may occur but should be based on clear and well-articulated needs and rationale. Issues surrounding uncertainty, literature review, and reliability and validity of predictions are discussed in greater depth in Chapter 4. Health Impact Assessment: A Practical Guide. Within several of these components, we discuss characteristics that are critical to improving community health. A description of the research questions, data sources, methods to be used, and any alternatives to be assessed. Screening should result in a simple statement that includes the following: Screening is essential for high-quality HIA. Developing new cross-disciplinary and interagency collaborations. Scholars point to a remarkable consistency in the basic elements that are generally included in descriptions of HIA (Mindell et al. Human Impact Partners and San Francisco Department of Public Health. The committee notes that effective dissemination requires consideration of barriersincluding those associated with language, availability of child care, disability, access to transportation, disenfranchisement, or literacyand that multiple approaches may be required for disseminating a single HIA so that all appropriate audiences can be reached. Source: Adapted from BLM 2007 and Wernham 2007. Turnock B. Petticrew M, Cummins S, Sparks L, Findlay A. Validating health impact assessment: Prediction is difficult (especially about the future). For example, the San Francisco Department of Public Health routinely screens major projects and plans to ensure adequate analysis and mitigation of environmental health impacts. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Experimental evidence of welfare reform impact on clinical anxiety and depression levels among poor women. This step suggests a modified version of CDC's evaluation guidelines, and may be used as a starting point to tailor an evaluation for a particular community health improvement effort, at . The HIA team was assisted by an advisory committee, but it appears that the committee was not involved in the scoping. Third, it informs government agencies and officials of potential changes in demand for services, such as health care, emergency response, and public safety; this can facilitate an appropriate response. Prospective health impact assessment: Pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. It is common for mitigation measures and design alternatives to be considered during scoping, to be refined as the assessment phase further characterizes the impacts and identifies their importance, and to be made final during the recommendations phase. Scoping establishes the boundaries of the HIA and identifies the health effects to be evaluated, the populations affected, the HIA team, sources of data, methods to be used, and any alternatives to be assessed. 4321-4347 [1970]; EC 2001). Quigley RJ, Taylor LC. The programs and policies, however, may not provide any guidance on how health should be considered (see, for example, Pub. A decision-making bodysuch as a department of planning or transportation can conduct an HIA to inform its own decision. Sixth, because many established environmental risk factors are found at higher concentrations in vulnerable communities, disclosure of risks may be an important way to reduce health disparities and address concerns about environmental justice (Miranda et al. Catholic Health Association of the United States. The HIA conclusions and recommendations should be presented in a manner that is clear and easily understood. In addition, federal and state policy and accreditation requirements may be revised or implemented to better facilitate assessment and planning collaboration between health departments, hospitals, and others for the purpose of improving community health. For example, if a traffic-calming infrastructure was installed on a street that had a high rate of pedestrian injury, it may be appropriate to monitor injury rates directly because changes would be expected as soon as the installation was complete. As in the realm of health risk assessment, there remains a need to distinguish between the assessment and management phases to avoid manipulation of analytic components by decision-makers. In other cases, a draft may be submitted to an internal body, such as a steering group, whose comments are incorporated into a final public version. Example of a Table for Rating Importance of Health Effects. Utilizing Community Health Needs Assessments (CHNAs) in Nonprofit Hospitals to Guide Population-Centered Outcomes Research for Pediatric Patients: New Recommendations for CHNA Reporting. Health Impact Assessment: Main Concepts and Suggested Approaches-the Gothenburg Consensus Paper. Another consideration is whether the proposal is likely to place a disproportionate burden of risk on vulnerable populations in the affected community; screening proposals on this basis helps to ensure that the HIA addresses the risk factors that underlie observed disparities in the rates of illness among various populations. IPIECA/OGP (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association and International Association of Oil and Gas Producers). Document No. The Catholic Health Association defines a community health needs assessment as a systematic process involving the community to identify and analyze community health needs and assets in order to prioritize these needs, and to plan and act upon unmet community health needs. Therefore, scoping should be thought of as a two-part process that starts with a systematic effort to identify all potentially important effects and that continues with selection of the most important and well-substantiated effects for further analysis at later stages. The selection of qualitative and descriptive approaches will be informed by the scale and size of the proposal, the profile of the affected population, and the uses of the resulting information. The committee notes that outcome evaluation considers the effects of the whole decision, including changes made as a result of HIA recommendations. Scoping identifies those likely to be affected by the proposed policy, project, program, or plan. These common components included preplanning; developing partnerships; developing vision and scope; collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data; identifying community assets; identifying priorities; developing and implementing an intervention plan; developing and implementing an evaluation plan; communicating and receiving feedback on the assessment findings and/or the plan; planning for sustainability; and celebrating success. Lester C, Hayes S, Griffiths S, Lowe G, Hopkins S. Implementing a strategy to address health inequalities: A health authority approach. Cancer risk and changes in life expectancy associated with tobacco taxes. A plan is typically updated every three to five years. Second, it allows findings to be reviewed and improved. The enacted legislation is consistent with some of the recommendations of the HIA, but there were no data to evaluate whether those drafting the legislation were influenced by the recommendations; there were no interviews with legislators over the course of the legislative process (Human Impact Partners 2010). It also shows how HIA results can be disseminated widely in different formats through a number of channels. The committee notes that in any assessment, it would be difficult or impossible to quantify all potential health impacts. Major issues and challenges for HIA development and practice are considered in Chapter 4. By necessity, therefore, impact assessment is a pragmatic exercise and reflects a balance between scientific rigor and professional judgment. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Community Health, Safety and Security.
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