https://factfinder.census.gov. Learn term:fishing = industry in the coastal plain region with free interactive flashcards. As a result, Charleston has developed a Sea Level Rise Strategy that plans for 50 years out based on moderate sea level rise scenarios (Figure 19.10) and that reinvests in infrastructure, develops a response plan, and increases readiness.45 As of 2016, the City of Charleston has spent or set aside $235 million (in 2015 dollars) to complete ongoing drainage improvement projects (Figure 19.9) to prevent current and future flooding. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA, 171 pp. Urban areas have higher concentrations of CO2, which causes allergenic plants, such as ragweed, to grow faster and produce more pollen than in rural areas.40 Continued rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels are projected to further contribute to aeroallergens in cities (Ch. The decade of the 2010s through 2017 is the warmest in all seasons for average daily minimum temperature and in winter and spring for average daily maximum temperature. Costanza, J., S. Beck, M. Pyne, A. Terando, M. J. Rubino, R. White, and Jaime Collazo, 2016: Assessing climate-sensitive ecosystems in the Southeastern United States. Rising, and Paul Wilson, 2015: Economic Risks of Climate Change: An American Prospectus. 2017.; FTA 2013; City of Fayetteville 2017; City of Charleston 2015; City of New Orleans 2015; Tampa Bay Water 2014; EPA 2015; City of Atlanta 2015, 2017; Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact 201744,45,46,50,91,246,297,298,299). Townsend, E., and M. Tomasic, 2017: S.C. A. Sorrie, A. S. Weakley, D. B. Kunkel, K.L.M. 5: Vector-borne diseases . A late freeze in March 2017 caused over a billion dollars of damages to peaches and other fruit crops.84 To assist peach growers in adapting to such changes, researchers are working to develop peach varieties that can produce quality fruits in warmer winters and are developing winter chill models that can assist in adaptation planning efforts.260,261, Forests, both natural and plantation, in the Southeast are vulnerable to climate variability and change. The region is slightly rolling near the midlands and flat toward the coast. Douglas, E., J. Jacobs, K. Hayhoe, L. Silka, J. Daniel, M. Collins, A. Alipour, B. Anderson, C. Hebson, E. Mecray, R. Mallick, Q. Zou, P. Kirshen, H. Miller, J. Kartez, L. Friess, A. Stoner, E. Bell, C. Schwartz, N. Thomas, S. Miller, B. Eckstrom, and C. Wake, 2017: Progress and challenges in incorporating climate change information into transportation research and design. Migration patterns the movement of people from one place to another are one indicator of the economic health of rural areas. Gregg, R. M., W. A. Reynier, A. In the Upper Coastal Plain, which covers the central and southwestern portions of the state, agriculture is the dominant activity. The Coastal Plains - The Regions of Texas Schnell, J. L., and M. J. Prather, 2017: Co-occurrence of extremes in surface ozone, particulate matter, and temperature over eastern North America. Thomson Reuters. What are the industries in North Carolinas coastal plains? Figure 3. The Atlantic Plain of the United States includes portions of the coastal states of Delaware, Recent changes in seasonal temperatures that are critical for plant development will continue to impact regionally important crops. In fact, a recent economic study using a higher scenario (RCP8.5)11 suggests that the southern and midwestern populations are likely to suffer the largest losses from projected climate changes in the United States. C3P, 2017: Carolinas Precipitation Patterns & Probabilities (C3P): An Atlas of Hydroclimate Extremes [web page]. doi: Sallenger, A. H., K. S. Doran, and P. A. Howd, 2012: Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Couvillion, B. R., H. Beck, D. Schoolmaster, and M. Fischer, 2017: Land area change in coastal Louisiana (1932 to 2016). Global Change Research Program, . Gill, S. E., J. F. Handley, A. R. Ennos, and S. Pauleit, 2007: Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. California Privacy Rights Easterling, K.E. SSRN, 64 pp. Labor pertains to the workforce and its skillsets. Aquifer Characteristics ), The Cherokee have been harvesting ramps, a wild onion (Allium tricoccum), in the southern Appalachians, their ancestral homelands, for thousands of years.264,265 Collecting ramps for food sustenance is only one aspect of this cultural tradition. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 162 pp. McClenachan, L., G. O'Connor, B. P. Neal, J. M. Pandolfi, and J. Means, J. Costanza, and R. K. Peet, 2015: How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: Lessons from the North American Coastal Plain. Mazzotti, F. J., M. S. Cherkiss, M. Parry, J. Beauchamp, M. Rochford, B. Smith, K. Hart, and L. A. Brandt, 2016: Large reptiles and cold temperatures: Do extreme cold spells set distributional limits for tropical reptiles in Florida? For example, the distribution of tropical herbivorous fish has been expanding in response to warmer waters, which has resulted in the tropicalization of some temperate marine ecosystems and decreases in the cover of valuable macroalgal plant communities.179 A decrease in the growth of sea turtles in the West Atlantic has been linked to higher ocean temperatures.237 Due to climate change, warming ocean temperatures in the coming decades are expected to transform many marine and coastal ecosystems across the Southeast. Cavanaugh, K. C., J. R. Kellner, A. J. Forde, D. S. Gruner, J. D. Parker, W. Rodriguez, and I. C. Feller, 2014: Poleward expansion of mangroves is a threshold response to decreased frequency of extreme cold events. NWS, 2016: The Historic South Carolina Floods of October 15, 2015. Emanuel, K., 2017: Will global warming make hurricane forecasting more difficult? Rural America is comprised of three distinct areas: (1) high-amenity rural regions, (2) urban- adjacent rural places, and (3) remote rural communities.2 It is the last that has typically struggled, while rural areas with high amenities and access to urban labor markets generally experience greater population and economic growth than their remote counterparts. These flooding occurrences increased more than 50% in 2015 compared to 2014.58 In 2016, three all-time records were either tied (14 days at Key West, FL) or broken (50 days at Charleston, SC, and 38 days at Savannah, GA). Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, Washington, DC, 19 pp. Capital consists of the monetary resources available to invest in a business or to purchase goods. The goal: to restore the Rhine and Meuse systems flood plain and allow the restored natural river landscape to safely manage water flow in times of excess capacity. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 76 pp. Doyle, T. W., K. W. Krauss, W. H. Conner, and A. S. From, 2010: Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise. WebAs a low-lying coastal plain, major crops include rice, sugar, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, edible oils, fruit, vegetables, and tobacco. Melvin, M. A., 2015: 2015 National Prescribed Fire Use Survey Report. Change the way you dye fibers with a technology that uses no water and less energy than the classic bath-dyeing technology. Hall, J. Prosperity in the coastal region is uneven, with some communities still struggling to make economic gains since the Great Recession of the late 2000s. Irma was a Category 4 storm with 130 mph wind speeds when it made landfall at Cudjoe Key, Florida (20 miles north of Key West). Park, J. Marra, C. Zervas, and S. Gill, 2014: Sea Level Rise and Nuisance Flood Frequency Changes Around the United States. doi: Dahl, K. A., E. Spanger-Siegfried, A. Caldas, and S. Udvardy, 2017: Effective inundation of continental United States communities with 21st century sea level rise. A lot of fuel is also found in the Coastal Plains. Park, 2014: From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise. NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Tallahassee, FL. Choose from 63 different sets of term:fishing = industry in the coastal plain region flashcards on Quizlet. Amenities and quality-of-life increasingly influence rural migration flows and business development. A. Mendelssohn, and N. Saintilan, 2016: Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Carter, L., A. Terando, K. Dow, K. Hiers, K.E. Provancha, M. J., P. A. Schmalzer, and C. R. Hall, 1986: Effects of the December 1983 and January 1985 freezing air temperatures on select aquatic poikilotherms and plant species of Merritt Island, Florida. There ishigh confidencethat Southeast coastal cities are already experiencing record numbers of high tide flooding events, andwithout significant adaptation measures,it islikelythey will be impacted by daily high tide flooding. Le Bras, A. Lemonsu, N. Long, M. P. Moine, T. Morel, L. Nolorgues, G. Pigeon, J. L. Salagnac, V. Vigui, and K. Zibouche, 2014: Adapting cities to climate change: A systemic modelling approach. doi: Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner, 2014: Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Academic Press, San Diego,. U.S. Census Bureau, , accessed May 17. Mitchum, G. T., 2011: Sea Level Changes in the Southeastern United States: Past, Present and Future. Interviewees also identified low-income and minority communities, substandard housing, lack of access to vehicles for evacuation, limited modes of communication, and limited local government capacity as contributing factors to difficulties in emergency planning.288, The healthcare system in the Southeast is already overburdened and may be further stressed by climate change. UNC, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Chapel Hill, NC. Leopold, S., 2017: Ramps now on the to-watch list: Time to ramp up conservation efforts. When these cities experience high tide coastal flooding due to perigean tides, the tidewater enters the storm water system, which prevents rainwater from entering storm drains and causes increased impacts from flooding. Broadband adoption recommendations. Some figures and images are copyright protected. Bentz, B. J., and A. M. Jnsson, 2015: Chapter 13: Modeling bark beetle responses to climate change. See how our specially formulated colorants can help differentiate your brand, Learn about Avient's liquid fiber additives and colorants for spun-dyed fibers, Improve the aesthetics, sustainability, performance and processing of your next project, 2021 All Rights Reserved. Doughty, C. L., J. This includes impacts on infrastructure41,42,43,291,292,293 and human health.30,31,38,294 Increases in climate-related impacts have already been observed in some Southeast metropolitan areas (e.g., Habeeb et al. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 278 pp. 12: Transportation, KM 1).41 By 2050, the Southeast is the region expected to have the most vulnerable bridges.35 An extreme weather vulnerability assessment conducted by the Tennessee Department of Transportation found that the urban areas of Memphis and Nashville had the most at-risk transportation infrastructure in the state.42 Increasing precipitation and extreme weather events will likely impact roads, freight rail, and passenger rail, especially in Memphis, which will likely have cascading effects across the region.43 Transit infrastructure, such as the rail lines of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), are also at risk. These days can be added up over timea month or a yearto give a combined estimate of energy needed for heating or cooling. Marine transportation can be impacted as well. Jackson, S. T., R. S. Webb, K. H. Anderson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb III, J. W. Williams, and B. C. S. Hansen, 2000: Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. As a result, the ecological resources that people depend on for livelihood, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk, and future generations can expect to experience and interact with natural systems that are much different than those that we see today. While urban areas such as Baton Rouge and Lafayette were hit the hardest, receiving upwards of 30 inches in a few days, coastal locations were also inundated with up to 20 inches of rain. Books, 2003: Modeling mangrove forest migration along the southwest coast of Florida under climate change. DOT-VNTSC-OSTR-17-01. A., 1997: A History of Florida Citrus Freezes. Rising, M. Delgado, S. Mohan, D. J. Rasmussen, R. Muir-Wood, P. Wilson, M. Oppenheimer, K. Larsen, and T. Houser, 2017: Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. There is high confidence that increases in temperature are very likely to increase heat-related illness, deaths, and loss of labor productivity without greater adaptation efforts. Rising sea levels and potential changes in hurricane intensity are aspects of climate change that are expected to have a tremendous effect on coastal ecosystems in the Southeast (Ch. Downsides of this population gain include higher costs of living driven by increased demand for housing and greater traffic congestion. Southeastern cities including Memphis and Raleigh have a particularly high future heat risk.25, The number of days with high minimum temperatures (nighttime temperatures that stay above 75F) has been increasing across the Southeast (Figure 19.1), and this trend is projected to intensify, with some areas experiencing more than 100 additional warm nights per year by the end of the century (Figures 19.4 and 19.5). Sources/Usage: Public Domain. For example, since the end of the last glacial maximum (about 19,000 years agothe most recent period of maximum ice extent),121 forests in the region have been transformed by warming temperatures, sea level rise, and glacial retreat.122,123 Spruce species that were once present in the regions forests have moved northward and have been replaced by oaks and other less cold-tolerant tree species that have expanded from the south.124 And along the coast, freeze-sensitive mangrove forests and other tropical coastal species have been expanding northward and upslope since the last glacial maximum.125,126,127,128,129, In the coming decades and centuries, climate change will continue to transform many ecosystems throughout the Southeast,6,130,131,132,133,134,135 which would affect many of the societal benefits these ecosystems provide. 4 North Carolina Broadband Infrastructure Office. Zhang, Y., and Y. Wang, 2016: Climate-driven ground-level ozone extreme in the fall over the Southeast United States. Clark, J. S., L. Iverson, C. W. Woodall, C. D. Allen, D. M. Bell, D. C. Bragg, A. W. D'Amato, F. W. Davis, M. H. Hersh, I. Ibanez, S. T. Jackson, S. Matthews, N. Pederson, M. Peters, M. W. Schwartz, K. M. Waring, and N. E. Zimmermann, 2016: The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Urban and rural areas exist along a continuum from major metro areas to suburbs, small towns, and lightly populated places. The remainder of the costs include $5 billion for infrastructure repairs and $1.5$2.0 billion for damage to the agricultural sector, also mainly in Florida. In Central and South Florida, such things would include the closing of schools, colleges, and universities; the closing of tourist attractions and the cancellation of thousands of flights into and out of region; and the closing or restricting of the use of seaports including Canaveral, Key West, Miami, and Jacksonville, among others.109,112 The Select Committee on Hurricane Response and Preparedness: Final Report109 estimates that there were 84 U.S. deaths attributable to Hurricane Irma and other untold damage and human suffering. WebImportant industrial clusters in the rural coastal region include aerospace and defense, food processing and manufacturing, and energy, among others. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH19. The heavy rainfall was noted even in Alabama, at 5 inches, and near 6 inches in the mountains of western North Carolina.100 Twenty-five tornadoes were confirmed from Hurricane Irma, and many of them occurred along the east coast of central and northern Florida.100 Even as Irma headed north, continuing to lose force, there were still 6.7 million people without electricity.109, According to NCEI,84 the U.S. direct cost from Hurricane Irma is approximately $50 billion (in 2017 dollars), and the non-U.S. territory Caribbean Islands could add another $10$15 billion to that total. Allen, C. D., D. D. Breshears, and N. G. McDowell, 2015: On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. WebThe Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Download this free study to determine if PK can address POMs toxicity and sustainability issues without sacrificing performance. | In fact, the economic structures of rural places increasingly mirror their urban counterparts. Springer, Berlin,. For example, in South Florida, the Burmese python and the Brazilian pepper tree are two freeze-sensitive, nonnative species that have, respectively, decimated mammal populations and transformed native plant communities within Everglades National Park.180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188 In the future, warmer winter temperatures are expected to facilitate the northward movement of these problematic invasive species, which would transform natural systems north of their current distribution. Although the appearance of tropical recreational fish, like snook for example, may be favorable for some anglers, the movement of tropical marine species is expected to greatly modify existing food webs and ecosystems (Ch. Office of Community Development, 2018: Isle de Jean Charles Resettlement Project. While there is more evidence focused on urban areas, limited research has identified higher levels of heat-related illness in rural areas.280,281 Research on occupational heat-related mortality identifies some of the Nations highest levels in southeastern states.282 Computer model simulations of heat-related reductions in labor productivity anticipate the greatest losses will occur in the Southeast. Scott, R., 2017: Gov. Spanger-Siegfried, E., M. Fitzpatrick, and K. Dahl, 2014: Encroaching Tides: How Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding Threaten U.S. East and Gulf Coast Communities over the Next 30 Years. Earth Economics, Tacoma, WA, 98 pp. McKee, K. L., I. B. Hollowed, N. Knowlton, J. Polovina, N. N. Rabalais, W. J. Sydeman, and L. D. Talley, 2012: Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. What is the industries of the coastal plains? Allen, C. D., A. K. Macalady, H. Chenchouni, D. Bachelet, N. McDowell, M. Vennetier, T. Kitzberger, A. Rigling, D. D. Breshears, E. H. Hogg, P. Gonzalez, R. Fensham, Z. Zhang, J. Castro, N. Demidova, J.-H. Lim, G. Allard, S. W. Running, A. Semerci, and N. Cobb, 2010: A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. In the southern Appalachians, ramps are threatened by two major processes: overharvesting pressures and a changing climate that could expose these plants to higher temperatures and lower soil moisture conditions during sensitive growth periods (Ch. The depth of discussion for any particular topic and Key Message is dependent on the availability of supporting literature and chapter length limitations. Urban Climate Change Research Network, Columbia University, New York. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Historically, coastal ecosystems in the region have adjusted to sea level rise by vertical and horizontal movement across the landscape.125,129,200,201 As sea levels rise in the future, some coastal ecosystems will be submerged and converted to open water, and saltwater intrusion will allow salt-tolerant coastal ecosystems to move inland at the expense of upslope and upriver ecosystems.128,202,203,204,205,206,207,208 Where barriers are present (for example, levees and other coastal infrastructure), the potential for landward migration of natural systems will be reduced and certain coastal habitats will be lost (Ch. The Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts (very likely, very high confidence). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Atlantic Plain - Wikipedia Pierce, D. W., D. R. Cayan, and B. L. Thrasher, 2014: Statistical downscaling using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). American Fact Finder. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, 271 pp. Coastal Sherrod, C. L., and C. McMillan, 1985: The distributional history and ecology of mangrove vegetation along the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal region. Blum, M. D., and H. H. Roberts, 2009: Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise. Center for Progressive Reform White Paper. Mitchell, R. J., L. K. Kirkman, S. D. Pecot, C. A. Wilson, B. J. Palik, and L. R. Boring, 1999: Patterns and controls of ecosystem function in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas. Rural counties in the region generally have a diversified economy with a relatively low percentage being heavily dependent on one sector. Net Accessories (4) Many of the people who live here still farm tobacco, corn, wheat and soybeans, A. Sanchez, M. Diskin, and C. Trettin, 2017: Mangrove expansion into salt marshes alters associated faunal communities. The plant hardiness zones are reflective of the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes in a specific region. Scott issues updates on Hurricane Irma preparedness. By the end of the century, over one-half billion labor hours could be lost from extreme heat-related impacts (likely, medium confidence). U.S. Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria VA, 224 pp. Figure 1. More Cup Operator Pactiv Evergreen 3.2 Kinston, NC 28504 A. Anderson, D. G., T. G. Bissett, S. J. Yerka, J. J. Over the past 50 years, the resultant gross damage and lost wages have totaled more than $1.53 billion (dollar year not specified). Like urban centers, rural areas with significant manufacturing bases develop commerce hubs and advanced supply chains in specific industries to compete with producers globally. USGCRP, 2016: The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Vose, R. S., D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, A. N. LeGrande, and M. F. Wehner, 2017: Temperature Changes in the United States. certainty in Key Findings. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 40 (1): 97-118. The amount of confidence associated with the historical rate of global sea level rise is impacted by the sparsity of tide gauge records and historical proxies as well as different statistical approaches for estimating sea level change. Stephens, S. L., J. J. Moghaddas, C. Edminster, C. E. Fiedler, S. Haase, M. Harrington, J. E. Keeley, E. E. Knapp, J. D. McIver, K. Metlen, C. N. Skinner, and A. Youngblood, 2009: Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink, 2007: Wetlands. | More What are the major industries in the coastal plains region of Texas? 201512,39). Carter, L. M., J. W. Jones, L. Berry, V. Burkett, J. F. Murley, J. Obeysekera, P. J. Schramm, and D. Wear, 2014: Ch. Dorcas, M. E., J. D. Willson, R. N. Reed, R. W. Snow, M. R. Rochford, M. A. Miller, W. E. Meshaka, P. T. Andreadis, F. J. Mazzotti, C. M. Romagosa, and K. M. Hart, 2012: Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. Winter temperature extremes, fire regimes, sea levels, hurricanes, rainfall extremes, drought extremes, and warming ocean temperatures greatly influence the distribution, abundance, and performance of species and ecosystems. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 61 pp. As building and rebuilding in flood-prone areas continue, the risks of the kinds of major losses seen in these events will continue to grow. 15: Tribes, KM 2). There is high confidence that climate change (e.g., changing winter temperatures extremes, changing fire regimes, rising sea levels and hurricanes, warming ocean temperatures, and more extreme rainfall and drought) will very likely affect natural systems in the Southeast region. Sixty-one percent of major Southeast cities are exhibiting some aspects of worsening heat waves, which is a higher percentage than any other region of the country.12 The urban heat island effect (cities that are warmer than surrounding rural areas, especially at night) adds to the impact of heat waves in cities (Ch. Evans, J. M., J. Gambill, R. J. McDowell, P. W. Prichard, and C. S. Hopkinson, 2016: Tybee Island: Sea level rise adaptation plan. Infrastructure related to drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment may be compromised by climate-related events (Ch. 2: Climate, Figure 2.4). Copyright & Legal Disclaimer, Web Design & Development by Upward Brand Interactions. For example, the Louisville, Kentucky, metro government conducted an urban heat management study and installed 145,000 square feet of cool roofs as part of their goal to lessen the risk of climate change impacts.28, The transmission of vector-borne diseases, which are spread by the bite of an animal such as a mosquito or tick, is complex and depends on a number of factors, including weather and climate, vegetation, animal host populations, and human activities (Ch. Recent social science studies have indicated that people may migrate from many coastal communities that are vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise, high tide flooding, saltwater intrusion, and storm surge.71 Even though many communities are starting to develop adaptation strategies to address current flooding issues, many adaptation strategies are not being designed for longer time horizons and more extreme worst-case climate scenarios.1,67, For the United States, 2017 was a historic year for weather and climate disasters, with widespread impacts and lingering costs.
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