Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. & . Hubbard, K. & African Studies https://www.britannica.com/art/Bantu-languages, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing - Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. B. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 285320. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. (2012) Tonal Variation in the Tense System of Mundabli, Western Beboid (Bantoid, Cameroon). This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. Riera Figure 3.35 ga] dog spoken by a male speaker. , (2010) A Re-evaluation of the Zulu Implosive []. In A. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. , Figure 3.34 Figure 3.18 13: 83129. (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Nurse, D. Brenzinger, M. Nurse, D. Although not seen in a mid-sagittal diagram, the sides of the tongue are also raised to complete the seal between anterior and dorsal closures. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Figure 3.19 A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. 1989: 54). , , C. In M. In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). Figure 3.24 Zerbian, S. Bresch Roux, J. C. . Naidoo, S. Detailed studies of timing in prenasalised stops are included in Maddieson (1993), Maddieson and Ladefoged (1993) and Hubbard (1994, 1995). S. Bantu languages | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts Note that the back of the mouth is found on the left side of an ultrasound image, but on the right side of an MRI image. R. 1: Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, 3562. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. , Nurse, D. In Thomas-Vilakatis study, inserts with 96 electrodes were used, together with software allowing a sweep of the contact patterns to be made every 10 ms. , Zare: revue congolaise 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). 2017), but they have not been documented in Namibian or Zambian varieties (Baumbach 1997: 311, Jacottet 1896). Miller, A. Hubbard, K. (ed. Lee-Kim, S.-I. Bokamba, E. G. 17: 3965. Faytak, M. Pienaar (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. Figure 3.34 Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Rialland Kishindo, P. J. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). Louwrens Nine-vowel languages in the Mbam group, such as Mmala A62B and Baca A621, have a contrast between /e/ and // not found in the eight-vowel systems. Fehn Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Cheucle, M. Verhoeven 88: 12861298. Bradfield, J. R. A. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. 4 (1937), pp. Somewhat similar facts have been shown for the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Maddieson 1990). (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. Y. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. A. (2011) Bantu Tone. Pretoria: J.L. (1995) Language Contact and Language Change: The Case for chiTumbuka in Northern Malawi. Figure 3.12 , South African Journal of African Languages Ladefoged, P. 133(2): 10431054. (2011) Grounded Constraints and the Consonants of Setswana. R. Fulop, S. A. Holtzhausen , This can be seen by the converging F2 and F3 transitions at the end of the first vowel, (as indicated by the arrow), which indicate a velar constriction. (1987) Acoustic and Perceptual Consequences of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Three Bantu Languages. Haacke, W. H. G. 2015). Phonetica (CASAS Book Series, No. Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42. Chen, Y. Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). Omar P. (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. (eds. Final High or rising intonations are found in Ganda JE15, Chewa N31b and Saghala E74b, while final High-Low or High-falling intonations are found in Jita JE25. you are agreeing to our use of cookies. (1999) Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. Figure 3.11 1987). Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. & B. (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). Sands Figure 3.14 Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. K. Van de Velde, M. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Y. Each zone . Tlale, O. , & Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. , & These vowels are produced with a retracted tongue root, causing a constriction in the upper pharynx. Andy ), Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 119129. Paper presented at Sound Change in Interacting Human Systems, 3rd Biennial Workshop on Sound Change, May (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. 28(2): 215239. New York: Springer. & 55: 119148. 17: 331. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. H. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. Monaka T. M. I. Bantu - languagesgulper.com Ladefoged Swahili has a complex and controversial status in Eastern Africa today. Gisamba (ISO 639-3: smx) is a nearly undocumented and undescribed as well as highly endangered Bantu language spoken in the Kwilu and Kwango provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). Benner Smouse Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. A. More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. . London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. Stanford: CSLI Publications. L. J. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Only a small part of this difference can be accounted for by the difference in peak pressre between the click types. M. It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. Meinhof, C. (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Yoder 91. Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January (eds. Figure 3.4 Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. Nagano-Madsen, Y. Lindberg Kgler O. Traill, A. Spectrogram of Kalanga S16 [hapka] ampit, spoken by a female speaker from Zimbabwe. Figure 3.32 Haacke, W. H. G. The Classification of African Languages (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. Olson, K. ed. These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. , & , & ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). Figure 3.2 Guthrie, M. (2016b) Introduction. Figure 3.5 & Journal of the International Phonetic Association Figure 3.30 Seifert Patin, C. (1995) Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu. Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . 2007, Miller et al. , (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Setswana (South African). In & Makasso, E.-M. Figure 3.33 Nomdebevana Bond In Phonology & J. Polar or mid tones are found in Holoholo D28 and Nyanga D43. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). Thomas-Vilakatis work provides the first direct measures of how powerful the energy generated by this gesture is. For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. & C. J. A. Niesler, T. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. Source: Recording made available by Koen Bostoen. LINGUISTICS: The Languages of Africa. Joseph H. Greenberg - AnthroSource Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. , & Roux, J. C. 71(1): 5081. S. Figure 3.19 (eds. In Mwiini G412, however, long vowels may surface on the penult or antepenult and only occur word-initially in loanwords (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004: xvii). In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. J. S. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in There are very few studies of this type available so far for Bantu languages, but one data set is shown in & Handbook of African Languages By M. A. Bryan. A. | Contact us | Help & FAQs Nande JD42 vowel formant means. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. . Guthrie classification of Bantu languages , Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. (eds. A detailed study of a weakly whistled fricative in Tsonga S53 shows that the narrowed lip posture is accompanied by a retroflex lingual gesture and thus may be transcribed with a retroflex fricative symbol [], e.g., [r] disasters (Lee-Kim et al. (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. T. C. Figure 3.12 & In Mpiemo A86c, implosives have a slight rise in F0 before the onset of a following vowel while voiced plosives have a sharp dip in F0 (Nagano-Madsen & Thornell 2012). (eds. Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). (eds. Wesi , A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Figure 3.8 Phonetica The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. Rialland & J. S. M. (Available online at. & Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. Nande . is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . As 19: 111131. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Afido, P. & Leiden: Brill. (2009) Phonology and Phonetics of Tone in Northern Sotho, a Southern Bantu language. Schwartz, J.-L. Coetzee, A. W. Monaka, K. C. Using data from these sources, Nchimbi, A. S. A. Gunnink & By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. , Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. By continuing to use the site Figure 3.5 2: 6697. (2003) F0 Timing in Kinyarwanda. From frame 150 through to frame 170 the contacted area moves back, so that the configuration at the moment of release is clearly post-alveolar. J.-M. 38(3): 404421. & Pretoria: Via Afrika. C. There are different types of downstep attested in some Bantu languages. Gick, B. Elderkin I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: Nurse, D. Language Matters vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. Mabuta Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Studies in African Linguistics Mutaka T. In (2009) The Linguistic Relationship Between Southern and Northern Ndebele. Sitoe, B. & The second line marks the time-point at which the velar closure is released. (2016) Intonation in Bemba. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. The special phonetic interest of consonantal nasality in the Bantu languages involves principally the prenasalised segments and the realisation of voiceless nasals. (eds. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). . S. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. In H. & Africana Linguistica & Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. T. N. & (eds. N. Figure 3.8 2014, Braver 2017). This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. | Cookies Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). Seifert These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). P. J. 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. (1996) The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Source: Recording made available by Hilde Gunnink. (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. (1987) Depressing Facts About Zulu. Yao P21 has a long/short contrast and significant compensatory lengthening so that vowels before prenasalised stops are as long as underlying long vowels and have more than double the duration of short vowels. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ), Beitrge zur 1. The positions of vowels in an acoustic space are often shown by plotting values of the first two formants. , Mbuub It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. Van de Velde and . Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Zulu S42 has four different accompaniments to its three click types: plain (voiceless unaspirated), voiceless aspirated, voiced and voiced nasalised. Bonny Sands, Print publication date: February 2019 Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. , L. High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). It can be predicted from tongue body position: front vowels have wider pharynx than back vowels, lower vowels have narrower pharynx than higher vowels. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Jacottet, E. Myers, S. Laboissiere Gunnink The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. S. Batibo, H. M. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. Myers, S. G. Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. van Schaik. (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. Reports and Papers, 307450. (PDF) Bantu Lexical Reconstruction - ResearchGate , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. . 74: 1634. & Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. E. D. Ladefoged, P. There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. (eds. , There have been relatively few acoustic studies of other Bantu five-vowel systems, but Swahili G42 (Nchimbi 1997) has a pattern similar to Xhosa S41, while Bemba M42 (Hamann & Kula 2015), Ndebele S44 and the Zezuru variety of Shona S12 (Manuel 1990) have a pattern similar to Kalanga. Table 3.1 48(4): 839862. F. , It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in 26(2): 235254. PDF 3-The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation & Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Following Traill et al. Schadeberg, T. C. (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. , New Proposals for the Phonological Inventory of Proto-Bantu. The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in Jouannet, F. (1994) Nasales et nasalisation en ggwl, langue bantu du Congo. (2007) A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Zulu Affricates. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Older accounts of Southern Sotho S33 describe both post-alveolar or sub-laminal retroflex articulations (Doke 1923: 713, 1926: 301). 2010), but the increasing availability of such corpora may encourage phonetic studies of natural (unelicited) speech. As is generally the case cross-linguistically, there are fewer nasal vowels than oral ones, at least in lexical stems. Hombert & The sounds of the Bantu languages Ian Maddieson Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 1. Berkeley Linguistics Society A. The portion marked A, between the first two lines, is phonetically a voiceless velar nasal []. ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. Phonology & Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. B. (2001) The two vs of Giryama. African Studies Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a male speaker. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Figure 3.21 M. & , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in 33(3): 261272. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, 129140. There are currently approximately 50 million speakers of Swahili (Hinnebusch, 1979), of which 2 million are native speakers (the remainder 2(4): 685729. Y. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . I. L. J. Brasington & Medjo Mv, P. In (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. the most detailed study of click production in a Bantu language to date. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. Brockhaus. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Cibelli, E. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Africana Linguistica (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. Broken vertical lines indicate the five points in time corresponding to the rtMRI images shown in the bottom row. B. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' M. N. Lengthened vowels are much closer in duration to underlying long vowels in Ganda JE15 than they are in Sukuma F21. , 11: 127149. 13: 3972. The means for /e o/ plotted here do not include tokens of these raised variants. Figure 3.15 Pp. These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. They occur in two separate geographical clusters, the South-East (SEB) and the South-West (SWB), as shown in
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